Factors of Industrial Progress
In Pakistan the ratio of industrial progress was 7.6% during the year 2000-2002 which is much lower in the world. Following are the factors of Industrial progress.

(I) Increase National Income
Industrial progress increases the national income.

(II) Raising Living Standard
Raises the living standard of the people.

(III) Economic Stability
Creates economic Stability.

(IV) Balance of Payment
Improved the balance of payments of the country.

(V) Increases Exports
Promotes exports and earns foreign exchange.

(VI) Progress of other Sectors
Promotes the progress of other sectors.

(VII) Employment Opportunities of Employment
Provides opportunities of employment.

(VIII) Specializations
Encourages specialization in the country.

(IX) Progress of Agriculture
Help in the progress of agriculture.

(X) Provides New Things
Provides new thing to the people.

Backwardness of Industry in Pakistan
Causes of Backwardness of Industry in Pakistan
Following are the causes of the lack of industrial progress in Pakistan.

(I) Industrial Policies of Different Governments
When new government takes over it disposes of all policies of previous government. Due to this our country faces great problems and causes lack of progress.

(II) Decrease in the Capital
Every industry wants a large number of capitals but due to lack of capital industry will not progress.

(III) Limited Markets
Limited markets are also the cause of lack of industrial progress.

(IV) Decreases in the Productive Capabilities of the Labour
When labour will works hard then any industry makes progress and production will also improve and increase. If labour will not work then industry will deteriorate.

(V) Lack of Means of Transportation and Communication
Communication plays an important and vital role in industry's progress. If communication system is in disorder then our product is out of order. That's why lack of communication and transportation also causes the industry failure.

(VI) Expensive Means
Expensive means of transportation and communication.

(VII) Lack of Technical Knowledge
If workers are not technical minded then our industry will not progress. Lack of our technical workers is the downfall of our industries.

(VIII) Shortage of Entrepreneurs
Because of shortage of entrepreneurs industry will not progress.

(IX) Lack of Education
Lack of political coordination and political stability is the cause of industry's failure.

(X) Non-Availibility of Electricity
Non-Availibility of Electricity in many regions.

(XI) Common Load Shedding
Electricity plays an important role in Pakistan's progress. Pakistan is not self sufficient in electricity that's why common load shedding also causes failure in industry's progress.

(XII) Economic Restrictions Imposed by Other Countries
An economic restriction imposed by other countries also causes failure of industry's progress.

(XIII) Lack of Effective Exploration of the World Market
Lack of effective exploration of the world market also causes failure of industry's progress.

Small Scale Industry and Problems of Small Scale Industry
Small Scale Industry
Small scale industry has always been praised in different ways in various countries. In Pakistan this industry is that one which after employing 2 to 9 workers produces different goods for the market on small scale. Following are the main small scale industries.
Poultry farms, dairy farm, honey making industry, carpets, pots, sports goods, fans and electric motors etc.

Problems of Small Scale Industry
(I) Decreases in the Productive Capabilities of the Labour
Small scale industrialists have less capital. That's why they cannot expand their bussiness due to lack of capital.

(II) Lack of Technical Skills
Workers are uneducated and unskilled. Due to non-availibility of new technology it is very difficult for the semi skilled and illiterate workers to maintain the standard of their products. So they cannot establish large scale industry because of lack of technical skills.

(III) Lack of Cooperation
Due to lack of cooperation small scale industry faces different difficulties. The difficulty to find the profitable markets and competition with the large scale industries which produces better goods and the small industry has to face losses.

(IV) Outdated Means of Production
The cause of problems in small scale industry is that they use mainly old and outdated means of production.

(V) Step Motherly Treatment
The Step Motherly Treatment of the government departments creates lot of problems. Small industry finds it difficult to get the good raw material. It cannot train their workers and pay them good wages. They work without the benefits of social security.

Short Notes
Heavy Industry
Heavy industry is that industry which not only produces goods on large scale but also produces machines and raw material for other industries e.g. Pakistan Steel Mill and Shipyard in Karachi.
Example of Heavy Duty Industry
There are 11 types of Industries working in Pakistan.
(1) The petroleum products Industry.
(2) Automobile Industry.
(3) Cement and Chemical fertlizers Industry.
(4) Ghee and Cooking oil Industry.
(5) Tobacco and Cigarette Industry.
(6) Textile Industry.
(7) Leather goods Industry.
(8) Paper products Industry.
(9) Cosmetics and toilet Chemical Industry.
(10) Plastic goods Industry.
(11) Sugar Industry.

Public Sector Industry
From 1970 the government is producing heavy industrial goods. But some heavy industries have been sold to the private sector. At this time cooperation and 40 industrial units are in public sector to 2001 sector provided 24886 jobs to the people. Pakistan Steel Mill is the biggest industry in public sector which produces basic raw material for the industry.

Defence Industry
Defence industry plays an important role in safety of our country. In Wah Aid Texila, defence industries are preparing small and large weapons. Texila defence industry was set up with the help of China, Kahuta Laboratories and promoting aur nuclear program. At Chashma there are similar laboratories which are fulfilling the requirements of our defence. Through the Fauji Foundation some other industries have been setup in which retired army personnel are engaged to produce different goods including army uniforms.

Important Major Industries of Pakistan
There are the following important industries of Pakistan.

Cotton Textile Industry
After the freedom of Pakistan the maximum progress was made by the industry of cotton cloth Pakistan got its share of three industries. Cotton cloth was mostly imported. Government gave much importance to this industry and encouraged. At that time 850 small and large industries were working. In 1975 the produce of cloth was 70 crore yarns. Now our country is independent in some types of cloth yards but cotton cloth is also being exported. Japan and Hong Kong are the biggest importers of our cloth. Now the import of this industry is finished. Its industries are mostly in Faisalabad, Lahore and Karachi. Faisalabad is called the Manchester of Pakistan. Two industries Bolan Textile and Lusbella are being established by the cooperation of Iran. It will cost Rs. 67 Crores.

Woollen Textile Industry
There are no industry of woollen cloth in Pakistan before partition. One difficulty is that fine woollen thread has to be imported. Country wool is not so good that it can be used in the manufacturing of good quality cloth. It is mostly used in carpet making high quality woollen cloth blanket and woollen thread in Pakistan is made in Bannu, Karachi, Lawrencepur, Hernai Multan, Noshera and Quaidabad.

Cement Industry
There was only industry of cement when Pakistan came in to being. Now many industries are working in Daud Khel, Dandkot, Hyderabad, Wah, Rohrim Jhelum, Hazara and Karachi. Calcium Carbonate, Gypsum and Special clay which is used in its manufacturing is sufficient for Pakistan. A factory is being made in Spuntungy in Balochistan with the cooperation of Iran. Second factory is under construction at Gudai in Lasbella. Factories of cement are also working in Gharibwal, Farooqui, Noshera, Kohar and Nooriabad.

Sugar Industry
Sugar factories are working in Mardan, Faisalabad, Joharabad, Bunny, Pattoki, Charsada, Larkana, Chorister, Tando Muhammad Khan, Bahawalpur, Jhung, Layyah, Darya Khan and Gujrat. Five factories in Punjab and three in Province of Sindh are being constructed. One factory is also being made in Frontier.

Fertilizer Industry
There was no fertilizer factory in Pakistan when it came into being but now several factories are working Daud Khel, Multan and Faisalabad.

Leather Industry
Animal skins are the important crude material of Pakistan. Many big factories are working in Lahor, Karachi and Hyderabad. Pakistan earns enough foreign exchange by exporting new leather and leather good. Now there are eigthy factories working in Pakistan which are cleaning leather.

Paper Industry
Factories of paper making have been set up in Lahore, Noshera, Charsadda and Gharo. For newspapers need a factory is working in Hyderabad and a factory has also been set up in Shakarghar.

Card Board Industry
The needs of cardboard are also met through import. Now a factory in Noshera produces good quality of cardboard. A factory at Rahwali in Gujranwala is preparing cardboard.

Rubber Industry
The factories preparing rubber goods are working in Lahore, Sialkot and Karachi where tires and tubes of cycles. Motor cycles, scooter and heavy vehicles shoes toes, rubber seats, mats and other thins are being prepared.

Electric Goods Industry
Pakistan has progressed much in electric industry. The factories of wire making and radio circuits are progressing T.V. radio, refrigerator and air-conditioners are also being manufactured. These factories are in Lahore, Karachi, Gujrat and Gujranwala.

Iron Industry
There are some factories in Karachi and Lahore which are making pig iron from crude iron. The factory of pig iron would have been formed long ago but now it is too late. Now steel mill in Karachi is working with the cooperation of Russia.

Machine Industry
A factory has been set up at Texilla with cooperation of China which prepares parts of engines, railway wagons, wheels and axles, road building machines etc.

Ship Industry
Karachi Shipyard is working in karachi which is preparing small size ships. Now it is also making big ships. A factory of ship making is also being established in Bin Qasim.

Oil Refining Industry
These industries are working Rawalpindi, Multan and Karachi.

Industry of Banaspati Ghee
In Pakistan the industry of banaspati ghee has progressed much but its production is less the need of our country. More factories are being set up. There was no ghee factory in Balochistan at the time of partition. But now two factories are working at Quetta and Temple Dera. In 1973 this industry was nationlized. Government is establishing more factories according to our needs. Two factories are located in Northern areas and one is being set up on tribal areas. Now there are 25 ghee factories in Pakistan.

Chemical Industries
In Pakistan the industries of soda ash, colour, caustic soda, sulphuric acid, insecticides and pharmacy medicines have done much progress.

Armament Industry
We are preparing Rifles, Machine Guns, Mortars and other small weapons. Pakistan is self dependent in these arms and is also exporting to other Muslim countries. At Kamra (Attock) factories are making airplanes and doing the work of their repair. Here facilities are available for repining Mirage and F-16 are also for their complete assembling. A small airplane is made at Kara to train the new pilots. Its name is Mushaak.

Miscellaneous Industries
Many other industries have also progressed much. Among them, industries of flour grinding, cigarette making, match sticks, glass making and cycle making are important.

Means of Transportation and Communication 
Introduction
Means of transportation and communication means the source by which we can go from one place to another and also carry our goods. These are called means of transportation. Means of transportation and communication are very important for the economic progress of any country. These means included, Rail, Roads and water.

Advantages of Means of Transportation and Communication
Following are its advantages:

1. Local and Foreign Trade
These means of transportation are very fruitful in bringing raw material to factories and then carrying useful materials to the markets. It broadens the sphere of the local and foreign trade and import/export of materials becomes easy.

2. Transporations between Cities/Villages
Transport of goods, service and labour in between the cities and villages is important. It is necessary for social progress as well. If transportation will be rapid, cheap and easy we will feel comfort bringing raw materials and useful goods from one place to another.

3. Promotion of Geographical Skills
The superiority of developed countries is due to the means of transportation. Their abundance and bettermet is necessary, for our country's progress, for this purpose opening of new land and sea routes is necessary being a geographical skill.

4. Promote Agriculture
For agricultural progress good roads are necessary. If these are efficient, transportation of fertilizers, oil machinery and crops are easy to carry from one place to another. Every village should be linked to city by a good road.

5. Speed of Progress
Means of transportation and communication strongly link one city and other. They maintain the speed of progress in different parts of the country.

6. Suitable Prices
By good means of transport, it is very easy to carry things from one place to another. All the people remain familiar with the rates of market and helps in keeping the prices stationary.

7. Increase in the Income
Transportation has much importance in the stability and economic progress of a country. good means of transportation and communication helps in increasing the income of the people and their standard of living.

8. Increase in the Revenue
Good means of transportation and communication increase the revenue of the government.

9. Progress in Tourism
Tourism will progress by better means of Transport. Tourists can also enjoy when they will get the facility of transport. Tourists can easily go from one place to another. Good means of transportation and communication help in uniting the different regions of the country and promote brotherhood.

10. Social Welfare
These means affect the social welfare of a country very much. All the people get benefit from these means for the progress of the society. These means bring the people close and they understand each other. Due to these means civilization becomes vast and unity is established. They also hep in the bettermet of social welfare.

11.Efficiency of Defence
It is very important for armed forces. By these means our soldiers and their armaments like vehicles, trucks, tanks are carried from one place to another for this purpose the standard of transportation should be very high. Good means of transportation ensure the efficiency of the defence. So the defence of the country becomes more reliable.

12. Increase Political Awarness in the Country
Means of transportation and communication will be helpful in political affairs. It also increases political awareness of people in the country.

13. Reforms
In the beginning provincial and central governments took various steps to remove the difficulties in transportation. Now by the efforts of public and government we have got control on our difficulties. New roads have been made and old roads have been repaired. New railway trancks have been laid. In the same way the sea and air ways have also done much progress. Telegram, telephone; radio and televison systems range have been made vast.

Kinds of Land Transport and Communication
Various Means of Communication
The means of communication are mail, telegraph, telex, telephone, television, newspaper, magazines, radio, internet, e-mail and e-commerce, etc. People come closer to one another through all these means. They help the businessmen to make deals quickly, and keep them in touch with price fluctuations. They also help to send documents to distant places in no time.

Types of Communication
There are two types of land communication:
1. Railway
2. Roads

1. Railways
Pakistan railway is the most important of our transportation system but it is not fully being used.
Roads bear the maximum burden. It is called P.R. In the beginning railway engines were operated by coal. Now diesel engines have been raplaced by electric engines. The first railway track was laid between Karachi and Kotri in 1861. At some places double liens are arranged and new railway lines are being laid. Railway has 600 locomotive railway engines and 23459 good wagons.

Steps towards Improvement of Pakistan Railway
More facilities are being provided to the passengers. Modern signal system has been adopted. Mughalpura workshop, Lahore and Islamabad Wagon shop are repairing engines and tail compartments improve the system of railway. It is very important that Pakistan Railways should improve the means of transportation of goods to enhace the industrial and economic progress.

Problems of Pakistan Railways
There is mismanagement of railways which has created following problems:

Old and Rusty Machinery
Most of the machinery has become old and rusty. It has not been repaired or replaced so far.

Slow Speed of Goods Trains
The speed of goods train is slow so people send their goods by roads. Thus railway suffers financial loss.

Lack of New Powerful Engines
Pakistan, Railway suffers from shortage of new powerful engines. Passenger and Express trains are usually pulled by these engines, which go out of order commonly thus causing delay of goods and passenger trains.

Old Railway Tracks
Old and rusty railway tracks, sleepers and wagons, cause increasing railway accidents.

Mismanagement and Inefficiency
Mismanagement, over staffing and inefficiency of the workers are the main reasons, which cause financial losses to Pakistan Railway. The management of Pakistan Railway is not competent.

Lack of Accountability System
There is no proper system of accountablity in railways department.

2. Roads
Roads are very important for our trade. Different cities have been linked by roads and much of our production and raw material is carried from one place to another through roads. The majority of our population travels by road. Moreover agricultural goods and other production of our articles are carried to different parts of the country by roads.

Important Roads of Pakistan
Only one highway connects the north and the south of the country, i.e. Karachi, Hyderabad, Multan, Sahiwal, Lahore, Gujranwala, Rawalpindi and Peshawar. This national highway is a mean of transportation of 56% of goods and the people of the country from one place to another.

Shahrah-e-Resham
It was constructed in the north of the country with the help of China passes through the highest mountain of the world. Shahrah-e-Resham links Pakistan and China via Abbottabad, Rawalpindi and Islamabad.

Length of Roads in Pakistan
There are many long roads in the country which are of both good condition and quality. The length of roads in Pakistan is 251661km which are 148877 km of good quality and 102784km of low quality.

Motorway
Need for Motorway
There was great burden on the National Highway No. 5. Due to traffic burden its performance does not meet the requirements. This rush could not be reduced even by making the National Highway two ways. Tranportation of goods from one place to another as well as travelling takes lot of time. It has necessitated a new motorway in country.

Gawadar Motorway
A part from this, Gawadar Motorway is also being constructed which is 865km long.

Karachi-Hub Kakar Motorway
Karachi-Hub Kakar Motorway is 341 km long and it was opened for traffic in 1998. In Pakistan the project of motorway is divided into 3 parts, first part comprises six roads called Islamabad Lahore Motorway and it is 335 km long. Second part that connects Islamabad and Peshawar is 154 km long and the third part that connects Multan to Shikarpur is 317 km long.

Objective of the Construction of Motorway
1. To Reduce Burden of Traffic
Motorway reduces the heavy burden of traffic on the National Highway of Pakistan.

2. To Make Transportation Speedier
It makes the transportation speedier.

3. Opportunities for World Trade
It provides new opportunities to the people living around the motorway to earn income as the motorway connects them with the world trade.

4. Harmony Among People
It is playing a vital role for provision of more opportunities for the purpose of harmony among the different parts of the country.

5. Establishment of Industry
Int increases chances of establishment of industrial empire in different parts of the country.

6. Increase in Income
It enchances the national and per capital income of the country.

Means of Air Transport
Today airways are of great importance. It does not only save time but also carried goods to far off and unapproachable places. The luggage of different types can also be carried from one place to another by air.

E-Commerce
Introduction
It means business through electronic media. This is world of computer technology. It is now being used in the industry, commerce and homes. Now one car deal with the others with the help of a computer. the world has become a global village.

Advantages of E-Commerce
E-Commerce is the new method of doing business in the world. Different industries advertise their products on the internet with their prices. Whereas every person sitting at home or in office can see the pictures and prices, of the commodities of those industries through internet. One can directly take information from the company. by E-Commerce, we can sell anything at suitable prices, and can earn profit. This is called E-Commerce business.

By Using Credit Cards
Money can be transferred through credit cards. Those people who have credit card can purchase everything from factories and get delivery through courier within few days.

Industrial Progress is Possible in Pakistan
Pakistan is an under-developed country there prevails poverty among the people. Drought, environmental pollution, low income, lawlessness, and illness are the main causes for backwardness in agriculture and industry. Hence the country cannot progress. Our progress mostly depends upon agriculture and industrial sector. Similarly imports, exports and means of transportation are the basis of the progress of a country. Either it is private sector or the public sectors, both are very important. E-Commerce can play a vital role in the development of the economy in such a way that living standard of present generation may increase.

Pakistan industrial progress depends upon the following factors:
1. Agriculture
2. Means of transportation and communications.
3. Best utilization of natural resources.
4. Financial resources
5. Increase of the capability of human productivity resources.
6. Increase of the supply of goods to the international market.
7. Promotion of banking.
8. Emphasis on the technology.
9. Expansion of the markets.
10. Increase in the income of the people so that they may increase their consumption and savings.