PAKISTAN STUDIES: MAKING OF PAKISATN.
Faraizi Movement
Introduction
Faraizi movement was founded by Haji Shariat
Ullah. he was o the view that Muslims should give up un-Islamic customs.
He emphasized that Muslims should act upon Faraiz only
i.e. prayer (Namaz), Fasting (Roza), Hajj and Zakaat. Hence his movement
came to be known as Faraizi Movement. After the death of Haji Shariat
Ullah his son Mohammad Mohsin organized the movement in which a systematic
way that it became stronger and popular. It proved to be a public
movement.
Solution of Some Other Problems
The Faraizi Movement also paid full attention to the problems faced
by the peasant. They became so courageous that they refused to bend
before the threatening force of landlords.
Role
of Shah Waliullah in the Freedom Movement
Introduction
The efforts of Shah Waliullah for the spread of Islam were the first
step towards the establishment of free Islamic Society as well as
the establishment of Pakistan.
Early Education
Shah Waliullah was a great saint, scholar and reformer. He was born
in a pious family in Delhi on 21st February 1703. His father's name
was Shah Abdul Rahim. Shah Abdul Rahim was the founding member of
the Madrasa Rahimiya in Delhi. Shah Waliullah received his early education
in Madrassa Rahimiya.
As A Teacher
After finishing his education at the Madrassa Shah Waliullah taught
there for twelve years. He then went to Saudi Arabia in 1724 for Hajj
and higher studies. He returned to Delhi in July 1732.
Preaching of Islam
He advocated the Quranic education for the welfare of the Muslims
of subcontinent. He urged the people to live simple life. Shah Waliullah
recognized that the tenets of Islam could not be followed properly
unless the Holy Quran itself was understood. In order to spread teachings
of Islam, he translated the Holy Quran into Persian. His work was
appreciated. Later on his sons, Shah Abdul Qadir and Shah Abdul Aziz
translated the Holy Quran in Urdu.
Role in Politics
Shah Waliullah led the Muslims to struggle for their political rights.
He wrote many letters to the great Afghan ruler Ahmed Shah Abdali
to retrieve Muslim rule in India. Shah Waliullah clarified the importance
of "Jihad" to the soldiers. He knew that the Sikhs, Marhattas
and the Jats were the enemies of the Muslims. So he urged the Muslims
to strive for Allah because they had already suffered a lot by fighting
with one another.
Author of Many Books
Shah Waliullah was the writer of many books which are as follows:
1. Hajjatullah-ul-Balighah
2.
Izalat-Al-Akhfa
3. The explanation of the Holy
Quran
Two Nation Theory
Shah Waliullah played a vital role in establishing the personality
and identity of Muslims. He said that the Muslims are one nation according
to Kalma and belief and there is no importance of their colour and
any geographical existence.
Syed
Ahmed Shaheed Barelvi
Introduction
Syed Ahmed Shaheed Brelvi was born in 29 November 1786 in Rai Bareilley.
He moved to Delhi at the age of eighteen and became the follower of
Shah Abdul Aziz. He received the necessary education during his stay
at Delhi. In 1812 he joined the army of Nawab Ameer Khan Tonak in
order to take part in Jihad against the British. In 1821, he went
to perform Hajj but stayed there for two years where he met with the
great thinkers of Islam and got knowledge about the movements of Islam
in the world. He became greatly impressed from this new system of
thought for Islam. When he came back on 6 August 1823 to India, he
devoted himself for the religious and social reformation of the Muslims
and the preparation of Jihad. He received martyrdom in fighting with
Sikhs on 6th May 1831.
The Mujahideen Movement
Syed Ahmed Shaheed Brelvi started a great movement in the North of
India; this movement is known as "The Mujahideen Movement"
or "The Movement o Jihad". This movement arranged a power
for the struggle of freedom in Muslims which produced a spirit of
survival and they started freedom struggle.
Background of the Mujahideen Movement
Syed Ahmed Shaheed Brelvi selected a particular way on the command
of his spiritual guide Shah Abdul Aziz and devoted himself in the
preparation of the holy war. He started a national movement for this
purpose in 1818 and organized this movement after is arrival from
Hajj as the Mujahideen Movement in 1831.
Objectives of Mujahideen Movement
He wanted to make the Muslims as the true lover of Islam, for this
purpose he started the Mujahideen Movement.
The main objectives of the Mujahideen Movement were following;
• To preach unicity of Almighty Allah.
• To
revive the teachings of Islam and prepare the Muslims to pass their
lives simply according to the teachings of
Islam.
• To protect the Muslims against such acts
and ideas which are contrary to Islamic values.
• To
protect the Muslims from the worship of other things except Allah.
• To preach Jihad because it was not possible to
get freedom from evil force without armed struggle.
Syed Ahmed Shaheed Brelvi wanted to eliminate the domination of Sikhs
in Punjab and N.W.F.P to revive Islamic values and traditions.
He started Jihad in the Punjab and N.W.F.P. Shah Ismail Shaheed along
with six thousand followers also joined Syed Ahmed in his Jihad against
evil forces. Syed Ahmed toured different areas around Delhi and Punjab,
where number of his followers joined him.
Struggle of Mujahideen Movement
The Mujahideen Movement was started against the Sikhs. He came to
Sindh in 1826 and sought to help Syed Sibghatullah Shah Pir Pagara.
Syed Sibghatullah Shah Pir Pagara sent a strong contingent of this
staunch followers called "Hurs". Syed Ahmed Shaheed Brelvi
left his family under the protection of Pir Pagara and proceeded towards
Jihad without any worry about his family. Syed Ahmed Shaheed Brelvi
reached Nowshehra after passing though Afghanistan, the Khyber Pass
and Peshawar in December 1826 and made it his headquarter. The first
battle against hte Sikhs was fought on December 21, 1826 near Akora.
The Sikhs were defeated. The second battle was fought at Hazro. It
was also won by the Muslims. These victories inspired a number of
Pathan tribes to join Jihad Movement. The number of Mujahideen rose
to 80,000. Syed Ahmed Shaheed Brelvi was given the status of "Amir-ul-Momineen".
Islamic laws were enforced in the area which was controlled by Syed
Ahmed Shaheed Brelvi.
The movement of the Holy war was initially very successful but soon
conspiracies began against Syed Ahmed, Maharaja Ranjid Singh (1780-1839)
bribed Sardar yar Mohammad and his brother Sultan Mohammad Khan to
plot against the Khilafat of Syed Ahmed Shaheed Brelvi. The disloyalty
of the tribal leaders disheartened him. He made Balakot as is new
headquarter. He started his struggle from Muzaffarabad. Here a tough
fight started between the Mujahideen and the Sikhs. The Muslims fought
with heroism but Syed Ahmed and his right hand companions were martyred
on 6th May1831. In short, the Mujahideen movement of Syed Ahmed failed
in Balakot, but this movement kindled a flame of freedom in sub-continent.
The political work of Syed Ahmed Brelvi was carried on later by Willayat
Ali of Patna. When the British captured the Punjab then a battle was
fought again against the British. Thus the Jihad movement of Syed
Ahmed Shaheed Brelvi was ended after several wars like this for independence.
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
Early Education
he was born in Delhi on 17th October 1817. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was
a great reformer. He belonged to a prominent family of the city. After
completing his formal education, he entered service with the British
East India Company in 1839. He rose to the position of judge in 1846
and later on he was transferred to Banglore as the Chief Judge.
The First Task
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan began his first task to soften British hostility
towards the Muslims of subcontinent. He wrote a book "Essay on
the causes of the India Revolt" on the war of independence. This
book was sent to British Members of the parliament and was circulated
among British officials.
Educational Services
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan knew that the Muslims could not achieve this goal
without education. He set up a Persian school at Muradabad in 1859.
This school was upgraded to the college in 1875. This college was
upgraded to the college and the university level after his death.
The educated Muslims of the early twentieth century were the product
of this institution.
Political Services
He urged the Muslims to acquire knowledge first and then they should
take part in the politics of the subcontinent. After the war of independence,
his position was not less than that of a great political reformer
for Muslims.
Aligarh Movement
Aligarh Movement had the following objects:
1.
To build confidence between the British and the Muslims.
2.
To persuade the Muslims to get scientific knowledge and learn English
language.
3. To hold back the Muslims from the
collective politics.
Effects of Aligarh Movement
His main focus was on Aligarh to achieve his goals. he estabished
Mohammad an Anglo Oriental School. It was a symbol of a broad movement
affecting every phase of Muslim life. The actions taken by Sir syed
Ahmed Khan for the educational uplift of the Muslims left a far-reaching
impact on the political, social, economic and religious aspects of
the Muslims. The Aligarh movement showed new ways to press and opened
the doors of economic prosperity for the Muslims of the sub-continent.
Congress and Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
In 1883, Lord A.O.Hume formed an organization called Indian National
Congress. The aim of this party was to provide a political platform
for the Indians. Many Indians joined this party. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
was an open minded and large hearted person. He was a great patriot,
At first he considered all who lived in India as one nation and was
a great advocate of Hindu-Muslim unity. He looked both Hindus and
Muslims with the same eyes. He said,
"By
the word "Nation", I mean only Hindus and Muslims and nothing
else. Our interests and problems are common and therefore, I consider
the two factions as one nation."
But unfortunately the attitude of Hindus and Congress compelled
him to reconsider his ideas about one nation. He felt sorry to see
that both Congress and Hindus looking against the interests of the
Muslims. Congress ignored the Muslims totally. He failed to bring
Hundus and Muslims closer a one single platform He saw that the Hindus
never come forward with open mind and always adopted a policy to damage
the Muslim cause, so Sir Syed Ahmed Khan advised the Muslims to keep
themselves away from it. On 1st October 1906 Sir Agha Khan led a Muslim
delegation and met the Viceroy Lord Minto at Simla to demand a separate
electorate for Muslims in the coming reforms. The viceroy save a good
response to them. There being no political party for Muslims at that
time a strong need for it was felt. God Almightly enabled them to
form Muslim League.
Urdu-Hindi Controversy
In 1867, Hindus demanded that Hindi should be made on official language
of India in place of Urdu. They started an agitation. The Hindus were
against Urdu because it was the language o the Muslims, Sir Syed felt
sorry and he was now convinced that the Hindus would never be friend
with the Muslims.
The Real Founder of Pakistan
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan saw the attitude of Hindus towards the Muslims
and felt sorry for it. He declared,
"I
am convinced now that Hindus and Muslims could never become one nation."
Hindus and Muslims are two separate nations because their religion,
culture, history and way of life are quite distinct from each other.
In this way we can say this great hero and reformer, the real founder
of Pakistan.
Sir Syed passed away on 27 March 1898 but his work was continued by
Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk. Due to the Sir Syed's efforts the Muslims emerged
as a separate identity.
Two Nation
Theory
Introduction
The Two Nation theory in its simplest way means the cultural, political,
religious, economic and social dissimilarities between the two major
communities, Hindus and Muslim of the Sub Continent. These differences
of out look, in fact, were greatly instrumental in giving rise to
two distinct political ideologies which were responsible for the partition
of India into two independent states.
The Basis of the Creation of Pakistan
The Two Nation Theory was the basis of the struggle for creation of
Pakistan which held that Hindus and Muslims are two separate nations.
They in spite of living together for centuries could not forget their
individual culture and civilization.
There are a few factors which split the inhabitants of the Sub Continent
into two nations. Let us examine each of them separately.
Religious Differences
Islam preaches Tawheed (Oneness of Allah) and believes in equality
of man before law. Muslims are the believers of God, the Holy Prophet
(P.B.U.H), the Holy book Quran and hold a cohesive approach towards
life.
Hinduism, on the other hand is based on the concept of multiple Gods.
Their society follows a caste system and is divided into four classes
and has a very narrow approach towards life.
Hindu Nationalism
The Hindu nationalist leaders totally ignored the great contribution
made by the Muslims in the Indian society by way of promoting education
and other social activities. Their writings and ideas flared up the
communal discord between Hindus and Muslims to further pollute the
political condition.
Cultural Differences
Muslim followed the Islamic culture, while Hindus inherited a self
build culture. The Hindus burnt their dead bodies while Muslim burred
them. Hindus considered the 'Mother Cow' as a sacred animal and worshiped
it while Muslims slaughtered it. They performed 'Sati' while Muslims
abhorred this tradition.
Social Differences
The two communities of the Sub-Continent differ in their social life
as well as the clothes the foods, the household utensils, the layout
of homes, the words of salutation, the gestures and every thing about
them was different and immediately pointed to the distinctive origin.
Economic Differences
After 1857, the Muslim economic was crushed. The Muslims were thrown
out of Government services and their estates and properties were confiscated,
while the Hindus were provided with ample opportunities to progress
economically.
Educational Differences
The Hindus had advanced in the educational field because they quickly
and readily took to the English education. While Muslims did not receive
modern education which heavily affected their economic conditions.
Political Differences
the political differences between the Hindus and Muslims have played
an important role in the development and evolution of the Two Nation
Theory.
Hindi Urdu Controversy
In 1867, the Hindus demanded that Urdu should be written in Hindi
Script instead of Persian script. This created another gap between
Hindus and Muslims.
Congress Attitude
The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885. It claimed to represent
all communities of India but oppressed all Muslim ideas and supported
the Hindus.
Partition of Bengal
In 1905, the partition of Bengal ensured a number of political benefits
for the Muslims but the Hindus launched an agitation against the partition
and partition was annulled in 1911.
Language
The Muslim and Hindus wrote and spoke two different languages. The
Muslim spoke Urdu and it was written in Arabic Script. On the other
hand, the Hindi language was spoken by Hindus and it was written in
Sanskrit.
Sir Syed Ahmed - The Pioneer of Two Nation Theory
The entire freedom movement revolved around the two nation theory
which was introduced by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. He considered all those
lived in India as one nation and was a great advocate of Hindu-Muslim
unity. Speaking at the meeting of nation and was a great advocate
of Hindu-Muslim unity. Speaking at the meeting of nation and was
a great advocate of Hindu-Muslim unity. Speaking at the meeting
of Indian Association he said:
"I look to both Hindus and Muslims with the same eyes and consider
them as my own eyes. By the word 'Nation' I mean only Hindus and
Muslims and nothing else. We Hindus and Muslims live together on
the same soil under the same government. Our interests and problems
are common, and therefore, I consider the two factions as one nation."
Two Nation Theory in the View of Allama Iqbal
Allama Iqbal was the first important figure who propounded the idea
of separate homeland on the basis of two nation theory. In the annual
session of Muslim League at Allahabad in 1930, he said:
"India is a continent of human beings belonging to different
languages and professing different religions ... I, therefore, demand
the formation of consolidated Muslim state in the best interests
of the Muslims of India and Islam."
Quaid-e-Azam's Statement on Two Nation Theory
He expounded the two nation's theory in such detail that most Muslims
and even some Hindus came to believe in its truth. He declared:
"Muslims are not a minority; they are one nation by every definition
of the word nation. By all canons of international law we are a
nation."
Quaid-e-Azam reiterated that Hindus and Muslims could ever evolve
a common nationality was an idle dream.
In 1973, he said:
"Hindustan is neither one country, nor its inhabitant's one
nation. This is sub continent which consists of many nations of
which the Hindus and Muslims are two major nation."
Conclusion
Two nation theory is the basis of the creation of Pakistan because
without it Pakistan would not come into being on 14th August, 1947.
Role of Baluchistan in the Freedom Movement
Introduction
According to area, Baluchistan is the is the biggest province of
Pakistan. Quetta is capital of Baluchistan. Sui gas is found in
Baluchistan. The people of this province are very courageous and
brave. In the past, this province remained under-developed but today
it is moving on the path of progress.
Historical Background
During British rule Baluchistan did not enjoy the status of province.
It was deprived of political reforms. Due to this remained backward
politically and economically. In 1927, Tavares-e-Delhi given by
Muslim leaders and in 1929 in Quaid-e-Azam's fourteen points, it
was demanded that political reforms should also be introduced in
Frontier and Baluchistan like other provinces.
Political Awakening
The process of political awakening in Baluchistan; started very
late because its link with other parts of the country was very little.
They were backward in education.
Organization of Muslim League
Muslim League was founded in Baluchistan in 1939. Qazi Mohammad
is at the top of the list of people, which made Muslim League active
in Baluchistan, Nawab Mohammad Khan Jogezai and Mir Jafar Jamali
also served much. These leaders prepared the people here for making
Pakistan both mentally and practically.
Favour for Pakistan Resolution
Baluchistan Muslim League favored Pakistan movement very much. The
leaders held meeting here fro time to time and prepared the people
mentally for Pakistan.
Active Part in Pakistan Movement
The people of Baluchistan took active part in Pakistan Movement.
In April 1947 Pakistan Conference was held in Quetta in which Muslim
League strongly demanded Pakistan as their independent state.
Joining Pakistan
On 3rd June 1947 it was declared that Balochi Shahi Jerga and Quetta
municipal Committee would decide about the future of Baluchistan.
Congress tried much to win the favour but failed due to the untiring
efforts of Qazi Mohammad Esa, Nawab Mohammad Khan Jogezai, Mir Jaffer
Khan Jamali and ohter leaders and workers of Muslim League Shahi
Jerga, Balochi leaders and Municipal Committee decided in favour
of Pakistan. In this way Baluchistan became the part of Pakistan
Role of Punjab in the Making of Pakistan
Introduction
Punjab is the largest province of Pakistan. Lahore is the capital
of Punjab. Lahore is an historical city. Lahore has always been
the centre of political activity. So this province is called elder
brother. This province played an important role in the existence
of Pakistan.
Strong Support for Pakistan
Punjab took active part in every political or non-political activity.
In the same way in Pakistan Movement, Punjab played its important
role.
Allam Iqbal
Allama Iqbal took part in practical politics and created the wave
of freedom in the Muslims. He was the member of Provincial Council
of Punjab. In 1930 he gave the sketch of separate homeland for the
Muslims in his Allahabad session. That is why he is called the Painter
of Pakistan. He gave very useful suggestions to Quaid-e-Azam and
showed his complete confidence in his leadership. Quaid also respected
Allama Iqbal. He said during Pakistan Movement, "If we succeeded
in getting a separate homeland for the Muslims and at one side I
am given the president-ship and at other side the books of Iqbal;
I will select the books of Iqbal." In 1931-1932 in London,
Iqbal joined Round Table Conference so that the political problems
of sub continent could be solved.
Maulana zafer Ali Khan
Zafar Ali Khan also belonged to Punjab. He was a high rank generalist,
national hero and a great poet. "Zamindar" was his famouse
newspaper in Urdu. He founded "Majlis-e-Ahrar". This party
launched a movement against Kadiyanis. He stated the aims of Muslim
League well by his pen and tongue when he joined it. In 1936 elections,
he was elected as the Member of Assembly on Muslim League ticket
and after this he remained on the front in the struggle for independence.
Iqbal said about Zafer Ali Khan:
"What work Mustafa Kamal Ataturk did
for Turkey by his sword, Zafer did the same work for the Muslims
by his pen."
Chaudhry Rehmat Ali
chaudhry Rehmat Ali who suggested this name for Pakistan in 1932
lived in Punjab. In those days he was studying in London. He made
Muslims emotional by his pamphlet, "Now or Never". He
invented Pakistan by : P for Pakistan, A for Afghani, F for Frontier
Province, K for Kashmir, S for Sindh and Tan for Baluchistan.
Pakistan Resolution
Muslim League slowly set its feet in Punjab. In the beginning some
local and provincial political parties opposed Muslim League but
later on, Muslim League became the most effective political party
of Punjab under the leadership of Quaid-e-Azam. On 23rd March 1940,
there was held a meeting in Lahore in which Pakistan Resolution
or Lahore Resolution was passed in which Pakistan as a separate
homeland for the Muslims was demanded. Now-a-days Minar-e-Pakistan
is standing at that place.
Lahore As the Heart of Pakistan
Quaid-e-Azam rightly said "Lahore is the heart of Pakistan."
Effective Pakistan Movement
Muslim League became the most active emotional party in Punjab under
the leadership of Quaid-e-Azam. People from all groups of Punjab
joined Pakistan Movement.
Muslim League in Punjab Assembly
Muslim League took part in 1945-46 elections on the basis of demand
for Pakistan and won particular seats in the central assembly for
Punjab. In provincial elections, Muslim League won 75 seats out
of 86. After this four other members joined Muslim League. So Muslim
League got 79 seats, in this way Muslim League became the biggest
party in Punjab. But the English governor of Punjab, instead of
offering the Muslims League to make government, offered the government
to Congress and Unionists party by conspiracy. Because of this,
government did not have the support of the people. Muslim League
launched "No Confidence Movement" and as a result, it
had to resign soon.
Wrong Division of Punjab
It was decided that the province of Punjab should be divided between
India and Pakistan. For this purpose an English Judge Radcliff was
appointed as president of Commission that by conspiracy with Mountbatten
and Congress gave most fertile areas of Muslim majority to India
and the population of those Muslim areas left their homes and had
to migrate to Pakistan.
Disturbances and the Problem of Immigrants
When Hindus and Sikhs saw that sub-continent is being divided against
their interest they started disturbances in some regions of Punjab
in which thousands of Muslims were killed and injured. In this play
of fire and blood, the Muslims of Punjab proved very courageous
and welcomed the refugees coming from India and proved that the
Muslims are brothers of each other in the hour of need.
Role of Sindh in the Making of Pakistan
Introduction
Sindh is an important province of Pakistan. Karachi is situated
in this province and its the biggest city of Pakistan. Karachi is
the capital of Sindh and is called small or mini Pakistan. Sindh
played very important role in the formation of Pakistan.
Historical Background
Sindh became the part of Muslim state firstly after the victory
of Mohammad Bin Qasim. That is why it is called the gateway of Islam.
During the rule of Mohammad Bin Qasim and his followers Sindh remained
the province of Abbasi Caliphate for nearly three centuries. During
this time, many great scholars were born there which made Sindh
famous over the Islamic world, during the decline period of Abbas
when local rulers got the control of Sindh. After this Sindh remained
under the control of Sultans of Delhi and Mughal rulers. However,
the government of Muslims remained there till the arrival of the
British rule. Shah Abdul Latif Bhatai and Hazrat Sachal Surmast
are the famous Sufi poets of Sindh.
Separation of Bombay from Sindh
During the rule of the English, Sindh was made a part of Bombay,
due to which no attention given to the social and educational position
of Sindh. In Quaid's fourteen points the separation of Sindh from
Bombay was demanded. In this way due to the continuous efforts of
Muslim League Sindh was separated from Bombay in 1935. It was made
a separate province of Muslim majority.
Home Land of Quaid
Quaid-e-Azam was born in Karachi. He completed his early education
in Sindh Madrassa High School.
Pakistan Movement
The Muslims of Sindh took active part in Pakistan Movement. In 1938
the Provincial Muslim League of Sindh passed a resolution in which
it was demanded that the provinces with Muslim majority should be
given to Muslims. It was the first time that any branch of Muslim
League passed a resolution of separate homeland.
Favour for Pakistan Resolution
On 23 March 1940, there was held a Muslim League Session in Lahore
in which Pakistan Resolution was passed. The Muslim League leaders
of Sindh supported the resolution very much. A prominent leader
of Sindh, Sir Abdullah Haroon felt happy on this pattern that the
demand of Sindh Muslim League made in 1938 became the demand of
Muslim League on national level.
Pakistan Demand Committee
Quaid-e-Azam made a committee in Sindh province to speed up the
struggle for Pakistan in which Sir Abdullah Haroom and many other
leaders of Sindh were the members. By the efforts of these Muslim
leaders the demand for Pakistan became more popular.
Muslim League Ministry
Muslim League in 1943 became so popular in Sindh that it established
its own ministry. In this way Sindh was the first province in the
sub continent where the Muslim League established its ministry.
In December 1943, Sindh Provincial Assembly once again became more
superir to other provinces by passing resolution in favour of Pakistan.
Success of Muslim League in Elections 1946
After the provincial elections in February 1946 the leader of the
Muslim League, Sir Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah established ministry
under leadership. But this assembly was dissolved due to the conspiracies
of Congress and new elections were held in 1946 in which Muslim
League won all the seats and established its ministry again.
Entry in Pakistan
According to the plan of division of sub-continent on 3rd June,
1947 there was held a meeting of Sindh Provincial Assembly which
decided to join Pakistan by the favour of majority.
Motives and Objectives of Muslim League
Introduction
The important motives and objectives of Muslim League are as under:
1. To safe guard and protect Muslim interests and
to convey their demands to British Government.
2. To create a feeling of respect and good will
in Muslims for the British Government.
3. To promote brotherhood between different nationals
of India.
Role of Muslim League
The role played by All India Muslim League in the creation of Pakistan
is summarized under:
Minto-Morley Reform Act - 1909
The Muslims under the able leadership of Muslim League now began
to press for the separate electroate for the Muslims. The authorities
accepted their demand in an Act, called "The Minto-Morley Reform
Act", 1909.
Lucknow Pact - 1916
In November 1916, two committees of League and Congress met at Calcutta
and drew and agreement draft of political reform for India called
"Lucknow Pact." Through this pact the Congress recognized
the separate status of Muslims.
Simon Commission
In 1927, Simon Commission was sent to India under the chairmanship
of Sir John Simon to settle Muslim Hindu differences. It was rejected
because there was no Indian member on the commission.
Jinnah's Fourteen Points - 1929
The Quaid-e-Azam refused to accept the nehru - report. He prepared
a draft of guiding principles consisting of 14 points, popularly
known as "Jinnah's Fourteen Points."
Allama Iqbal's Allahabad Address - 1930
In 1930, in his presidential address at annual session of League
at Allahabad, Iqbal proposed the formation of a separate Muslim
State by combining Northern and South-Western Muslim majority region
in Sub Continent.
Day of Deliverance
On 22nd December, Muslim League observed "Deliverance Day"
to thank for Allah for resignation of Congress Ministers.
Pakistan Resolution - 1940
The attitude of the Hindus made it clear that the Hindus and the
Muslims were two separate nations. On March, 23rd, at the annual
session of the Muslim League at Lahore, the famous resolution, commonly
known as the Pakistan Resolution was passed. It was presented by
Maulvi Fazlul Haq.
Cripps Mission - 1942
Sir Stafford Cripps was sent by the British Government to India,
to discuss with Indian leaders, the future Indian Constitution.
His proposal was rejected by both the Congress and the League. The
Congress characterized them as "a post-dated check on a failing
bank." Jinnah said that:
"If these were accepted "Muslims
would become a minority in their majority provinces as well".
Gandhi Jinnah Talks - 1944
Gandhi held talks with Jinnah to discuss about the future of India,
but no fruitful results came out of it because Gandhi did not accept
Muslims as a separate nation.
Simla Conference - 1945
Lord Wavell called a conference at Simla. The conference failed
to achieve any purpose due to one sided attitude of Lord Wavell.
In this conference, Quaid-e-Azam made it crystal clear that the
(7) Muslims League can represent Muslims of India.
General Elections - 1945-1946
Elections for the central and provincial assemblies were held in
1945-1946 in which Muslim League won 30 seats of central legislative
meant for Muslim and 430 seats out of 495 in the provincial legislative.
Cabinet Mission - 1946
Cabinet Mission visited India in 1946 and submitted its recommendations
to the Britishers. As a result Interim Government was formed but
Congress and League couldn't cooperate amongst them.
Delhi Convention - 1946
Quaid-e-Azam called a convention of all the Muslim League Members
at Delhi. At the convention every membter took the pledge to under
go any danger for the attainment of national goal of Pakistan.
3rd June Plan - 1947
Lord Mount Batten prepared the plan for transference of power according
to the wish of people. He emphasized on the partition of the country
and told that it was the only solution of the Indian political deadlock.
Both League and Congress accepted the plan.
Conclusion
Muslims League thus got its object and Pakistan was created on 14th
August 1947. In short we can say that the creation of Pakistan is
the result of the ceaseless efforts of the Muslim League and the
great heroes which dedicated their lives for the creation of Pakistan.
If there were be no Muslim League the fate of the Muslims of the
Sub Continent could not be changed.
Fourteen Points of Quaid-e-Azam
Introduction
In March 1929, at the annual session of All India Muslim League,
Quaid-e-Azam declared his famous fourteen points.
Federal System
The form of the future constitution should be federal with the residuary
powers rested in the provinces.
Provincial Autonomy
A uniform measure of autonomy shall be granted to all provinces.
Representation of Minorities
All legislative in the country and other elected bodies shall be
constituted on the definite principles of adequate and effective
representation of minorities in every province without reducing
the majority in any province to a minority or even equality.
Number of Muslim Representatives
In the central legislative, Muslims representatives shall be not
less than one-third.
Separate Electorates
Representative of communal groups shall continue to be by means
of separate electorates as at present provided it shall be open
to any community, at any time, to abandon its separate electorate
in favour of joint electorate.
Muslim Majority Provinces
Any territorial re-distribution that might at any time be necessary
shall not in any way affects the Muslim majority in Punjab, Bengal
and N.W.F.P.
Religious Liberty
Full religious liberty, liberty of belief, worship and observance,
association and education shall be guaranteed to all the communication.
Three-Fourth Representation
No bill or resolution shall be passed in any legislative or any
other elected body if three-fourths of the members of any community
in that particular body oppose such a bill.
Separation of Sindh
Sindh should be separated from Bombay Presidency.
Introduction of Reforms in N.W.F.P and Baluchistan
Reforms should be introduced in the Noth West Frontier Province
and Baluchistan on the same footing as in other provinces.
Government Services
Muslims should be given adequate share along with ohter Indians
in the services of State.
Protection of Muslim's Culture and Language
The constitution should embody adequate safeguard for the protection
of Muslim culture, language, religion and civilization.
One-Third Muslim Ministries
No Cabinet, either central or provincial is formed. Without being
a proportion of atleast one third Muslim Ministers.
Conclusion
No change shall be made in the constitution of State except with
the concurrence of State constituting the Indian Federation. The
reasonable and moderate demands, contained in the fourteen points,
were rejected by the Hindus leaders which considerably widened the
gulf between the two communities.
Importance of Jinnah's Fourteen Points
A comparison of the Nehru Report with the Quaid-e-Azam's fourteen
points shows that the political gap between the Muslims and the
Hindus had really widened. Fourteen points of Quaid-e-Azam became
principles for the Muslims of India. The importance of these points
can be judged by the fact that these points were presented in the
Round Table Conference of 1930. As a result, these points became
the demands of the Muslims and greatly influenced the Muslims thinking
for the next two decades till the establishment of Pakistan in 1947.
Role of N.W.F.P in the Establishment of Pakistan
Introduction
North West Frontier Province is an important province of Pakistan.
Its capital is Peshawar. Famous Khyber Pass is situated in this
province. Foreign invaders entered sub-continent through this pass.
It is an historical passage. Khushal Khan Khattak and Rehman Baba
are the most famous poets of this province.
Facing Difficulties
Frontier is the province of Muslim majority. But Muslim League had
to face many difficulties and problems while establishing it here.
This difficulty was due to the leaders that were under the influence
of Congress and they favoured its policies. Among such leaders Sarhadi
Gandhi Abdul Ghaffar Khan was at the top of the list. In this province,
Congress had the ministry that opposed the movement of Muslim League.
Organization of Muslim League
Muslim League slowly made its strong hold there under the leadership
of the Quaid. Muslim League began to become popular in Frontier
after passing Pakistan Resolution in 1940. Muslims of this area
began to join Muslim League. Congress in this province started making
false cases against the Muslim Leaders to torture them and locked
them in jails. But they did not lose their courage. The struggle
of Muslim League after 1945 became active. Among the leaders which
contributed a lot are Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan, Peer Sahib Zakori
Sharif and Peer Sahib Manki Sharif.
Demand for Pakistan
In February, 1947 Muslim League started the Non Co-Operative Movement
against the Congress. Provincial Government gave hard tortures to
Muslim League workers but it could not stop the Muslim League movement.
Instead, it began to spread in the whole province. Provincial government
began to be hated everywhere in the province and meetings of Muslim
League began to be held in favour of separate homeland. In his way
it was proved that the people of Muslim League were in the favour
of Pakistan.
Conflict between Muslim League and Congress
On 3rd June, 1947 British government accepted the demand of Pakistan
and declared that the future of Frontier will be decided by vote.
So the Muslims stopped Non-Cooperation Movement. Muslim started
convincing the people to give vote for Pakistan. On the other hand
Congress started movement against Pakistan and raised a slogan of
Free Baluchistan.
Joining Pakistan
The people of Frontier voted in favour of Pakistan in a large majority.
In this way Frontier became the part of Pakistan and the Muslims
of Frontier got their independence.
Role of Quaid-e-Azam as Governor General
Quaid-e-Azam As A Governor General
On 14th August 1947, Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah became the
1st Governor General. He remained Governor General for thirteen
months. During this period, he solved many important national issues.
Some of them are mentioned as under:
Formation of Federal Cabinet
As soon as the Quaid-e-Azam took an immediate action and nominated
members of the Federal Cabinet to run the Government affairs smoothly.
Liaquat Ali Khan was elected as the Prime Minister. Other members
of the cabinet were also nominated. This first cabinet of Pakistan
took oath on 15th August 1947.
Members of the Cabinet
1. Sardar Abdul Rab Nisther (Transports)
2. Raja Ghazanfer Ali Khan (Agriculture)
3. Fazal-ur-Rehman (Education
4. I.I Chundrigar (Industry)
5. Ghulam Mohammad (Finance)
6. Jogander Nath Mandal (Law)
7. Sir Zafar Ullah Khan Qadyani (Affair)
Constitutional Problems
The Act of 1935 was amended and enforced in the country as there
was no constitution available of the newly born state. Thus this
great achievement was done under the administrative leadership of
the Quaid-e-Azam.
Establishment of Capital
Karachi was made Capital of Pakistan.
Provincial Government
Quaid-e-Azam elected Chief Minister and Governor. Here are chief
ministers of provinces:
• Khan Iftikhar Hussain Mumdot - Punjab
• Khuwaja Nazam-ud-Dn - East Bengal
• Khan Abdul Qayyum - N.W.F.P
• Mohammad Ayub Khuro - Sindh
• Chief Commissioner (British) - Baluchistan
Establishment of Administrative Head Quarters
For the administrative reformation, a committee was set up and Chaudhry
Mohammad Ayub was made the Secretary General. Civil Services were
re-organized and Civil Services Academy was constituted. The Secretariat
was established. Moreover, Head quarters for Army, Navy and Air
Force were set up. An ammunition factory was also set up.
Attention to Foreign Affairs
Realizing the sensitivity of foreign affairs, Quaid-e-Azam paid
his utmost attention to the Foreign Policy. He developed healthy
relations with the neighboring and developed countries that were
the main objective of the Foreign Policy.
Membership of UNO
After independence, Quaid-e-Azam paid immediate attention for acquiring
membership of the United Nations Organization (UNO). On 30th September
1947, Pakistan became the member of the UNO. This all, was done
under the dynamic leadership of Quaid-e-Azam.
Implementation of Education Policy
Education plays an important role in the development of a country.
It improves living standard of a nation and development. Education
sector also needed attention at the time of independence. for this
purpose, he held the first Educational Conference in 1947. He wished
that every citizen of Pakistan should serve his nation with honesty
and national spirit. he made nation with honesty and national spirit.
He made acquisition of scientific and technological education compulsory
for the students. Quaid-e-Azam did a lot to improve education policy
of the country.
In the Service of Pakistan
Quaid-e-Azam served his country till his death. Despite his bad
health, he kept on going through the important files. He succumbed
to deadly disease of consumption.
First Cabinet of Pakistan
First cabinet of Pakistan was also elected by Quaid-e-Azam. He took
of it. Liaquat Ali Khan was first Prime Minister of Pakistan.
3rd June Plan
3rd June Plan and Lord Mountbatten
Lord Mountbatten became the viceroy of India in March 1947. He tried
his best to keep India United but of no avail. He concluded that
there was no solution to Indian problems except partition of it.
3rd June Plan and the Creation of Pakistan
On 3rd June 1947 the viceroy announced the partition plan in a joint
conference of Congress and Muslim League leaders in Delhi. The plan
came to be known as 3rd June Plan. Some important points of the
plan were as under:
The Indian Independence Bill 1947
Power would be given to Pakistan by 14th August 1947. This bill
was passed and came to be known as Independence Bill 1947.
Separate Session
A clause was incorporated in the 3rd June Plan that separate session
of Muslim and Hindu Members of the Assemblies of Punjab and Bengal
would be held to decide whether their provinces were in favour of
the partition, and how it would take place.
New Boundaries
the new boundaries of these provinces would be decided by a commission.
Sindh Assembly
Sindh Assembly would decide the future state of the province through
the majority of volte. Sindh Assembly voted for Pakistan.
People of N.W.F.P and Sylhet
the people of N.W.F.P and Sylhet would decide their status through
a referendum. N.W.F.P and Sylhet also decided to join Pakistan.
Conclusion
The viceroy announced the plan on 3rd June 1947. According to the
plan it was decided to transfer the power on the midnight of the
14th and 15th August 1947 instead of 3rd June 1947.
Radcliff Award
Mr. Radcliff, an ordinary lawyer was sent from England to India
for the demarcation of the boundaries of Punjab and Bengal. The
viceroy and Mr. Radcliff connived with the Congress and demarcated
the boundary according to their wishes. Radcliff included many Muslim
majority, areas in India and deprived Pakistan of the waters of
Sutlej, Bias and Ravi. Further captured Kashmir and created a Kashmir
problem which is still unsolved. The defective planning of Radcliff
created many problems for Pakistan unsolved. The defective planning
of Radlciff created many problems for Pakistan.
Dawn of Independence
Independence has a great importance for the nations. Pakistan came
into being as independent state on 14th August 1947 27th Ramadan
and India on 15th August 1947. |
